C Notes From BU

System Design Technique There are two system design techniques, given as follows: Top-Down Design- The top-down design technique is based on the fact that large problems become more manageable if they are divided into a number of smaller and simpler tasks which can be tackled separately. The top-down design approach is performed in a special way. the main program is written first. it is tested before some programs are written. for this, actual subprograms are replaced with stubs. the study simply tests to see if the data is passed correctly. after the main program is written and check, is module is written and tested in turn. this should first be done without the main program in order to let us stuff is an error occurs. Bottom-Up Design- In the bottom-up approach, it is usually assumed that the basic proteins created will be general enough to be used more than once. using the subroutines, to construct a program save repeating the same lines of code by using it. A bottom-up app...

 Computer Programming Computer programs are written using one of the programming languages Fortran, c, C++, and so on. a program has a set of instructions written in correct order to get the desired result. the method of writing the instructions to solve the given problem is called programming. Programming Techniques There are two types of programming techniques commonly used:- Procedural programming Object-oriented programming (OOP) Procedural programming : In procedural programming for a given program variables are identified and instructions are written using the variables in the correct sequence to get the required result. Sometimes the program may require unconditional transfer to control from one part stop the program to another using GOTO statements. This can be avoided by writing the statement sequence using many blocks is called structured program.             The president programming method is commonly used to solve scientific a...

Computer Program A computer is an electronic device capable of manipulating numbers and symbols under the control of a set of instructions known as a computer program directs the computer solve a particular problem and display results. Computer programs are written using programming languages such BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL, C, C++, ALGOL and so on Purpose of Program Planning Suppose we are asked by our teacher to solve an arithmetic problem and we are not familiar with the step involved in solving that problem. In such a situation we will not be able to solve the problem. The same principle applies to the writing computer program also a programmer cannot write instructions to be followed by a computer unless the programmed known how to solve the problem manually. Suppose we know the step to be followed for solving the given problem but while solving the problem, we forget to apply some of the steps in the sequence. Obviously, we will get the wrong answer. Sim...

Flowcharts, which have been in use for many years have become more and more specialized as the area using the became better defined. A form of charting we all recognizing is the diagram of electrical circuits. We do not understand these charts, but to the persons schooled and working in electronics, they are highly meaningful. In the same way, the data processing industry has developed its own its set of special symbols for use in picturing the activities in the processing of data.               The first formal flowchart is attributed to John Von Neumann in 1945. A flowchart is simply a method of assisting the programmer to layout in visual, two-dimensional format, the ideas as to how to organize the sequence of steps or events necessary to solve a problem with a computer. In other word, flowcharts are symbolic diagrams of the operation sequence, data flow, control flow and processing logic in information p...

Construction of Flowchart Eight steps that will insure complete preparation and execution of a flowchart are:-   Research the problem  Decide on the method of solution  Plan the solutions  Outline the system by drawing the system flowchart  Check the system flowchart  Draw a detailed program flowchart for each program  Check the program flowchart  Test the program flowchart and system flowchart by using data that has been prepared.                    As preparations and planning proceed more information may be needed.  These steps may not be treated as an absolute rule they are intended only as guidelines and must be treated as such when constructing flowcharts y ou should attempt to observe the following guidelines:   The flow of the flowchart should be from top to bottom and from left to right.  You will meaningful for descriptions of the symbols o...

Types of Flowchart The system designer and programmer often use three different types of flowcharts in developing algorithms; They are:  System flowcharts  Modular program flowchart Detail program flowcharts or application flowcharts While the three flowcharts are related service a different function. System flowchart-   System flowchart play a vital role in system analysis. They illustrate graphically the elements and characteristics of a system and express its structure and relationships in terms of flowchart symbols. This chart describes the sequences of major processing operations both manual and computer, data flow and files to be used in processing and the flow of processing control. System flowchart is used by systems analysts for analysing or designing system.           During the problem recognition stage, they illustrate data flow and relationship in the existing system. During the system ...