Posts

Showing posts from December, 2017

Flowcharts And Their Purpose

Flowcharts, which have been in use for many years have become more and more specialized as the area using the became better defined. A form of charting we all recognizing is the diagram of electrical circuits. We do not understand these charts, but to the persons schooled and working in electronics, they are highly meaningful. In the same way, the data processing industry has developed its own its set of special symbols for use in picturing the activities in the processing of data.               The first formal flowchart is attributed to John Von Neumann in 1945. A flowchart is simply a method of assisting the programmer to layout in visual, two-dimensional format, the ideas as to how to organize the sequence of steps or events necessary to solve a problem with a computer. In other word, flowcharts are symbolic diagrams of the operation sequence, data flow, control flow and processing logic in information p...

Construction of Flowchart

Construction of Flowchart Eight steps that will insure complete preparation and execution of a flowchart are:-   Research the problem  Decide on the method of solution  Plan the solutions  Outline the system by drawing the system flowchart  Check the system flowchart  Draw a detailed program flowchart for each program  Check the program flowchart  Test the program flowchart and system flowchart by using data that has been prepared.                    As preparations and planning proceed more information may be needed.  These steps may not be treated as an absolute rule they are intended only as guidelines and must be treated as such when constructing flowcharts y ou should attempt to observe the following guidelines:   The flow of the flowchart should be from top to bottom and from left to right.  You will meaningful for descriptions of the symbols o...

Types of Flowcharts

Types of Flowchart The system designer and programmer often use three different types of flowcharts in developing algorithms; They are:  System flowcharts  Modular program flowchart Detail program flowcharts or application flowcharts While the three flowcharts are related service a different function. System flowchart-   System flowchart play a vital role in system analysis. They illustrate graphically the elements and characteristics of a system and express its structure and relationships in terms of flowchart symbols. This chart describes the sequences of major processing operations both manual and computer, data flow and files to be used in processing and the flow of processing control. System flowchart is used by systems analysts for analysing or designing system.           During the problem recognition stage, they illustrate data flow and relationship in the existing system. During the system ...

Limitations of Flowcharts

Limitations of Flowcharts In spite of their many obvious advantages, flowcharts have some limitations, which are as follows:  Flowcharts are very time consuming, and laborious to draw with proper symbols and spacing, especially for large complex programs.  Owing to the symbol-string nature of flowcharting any changes or modifications in the program logic will usually require a completely new flowchart. Redrawing a flowchart being a tedious task, many programmers do not redraw or modify the corresponding flowchart when they modify their programs. This leaves the programs and its flowchart in an inconsistent state. That is, the logic used in the program, and that shown in its flowchart, do not match. This defeats the purpose of use of flowcharts as documentation support for programs. To take care of this problem, many companies use software tools, which automatically generate flowcharts directly from the program code. These software tools read the program's instruc...

Advantage of Flowchart

Advantage of Flowcharts The following benefits maybe obtained when flowchart  are used for the purpose of program planning: Better Communication: A flowchart is a pictorial representation of a program. Hence, it is easier for a programmer to explain the logic of a program to some other programmer, or to his/her boss through a flowchart, rather than the program itself. Proper  Program Documentation: Program documentation involves collecting, organizing, storing and otherwise maintaining a complete historical records of other documents associated with a system. Good documentation is needed for the following reasons: a) Documented knowledge belongs to an organization, and does not disappear with the departure (resignation/retirement) of a programmer. b) If projects are postponed, documented work will not have to be duplicated. c) If programs are modified in future, the programmer will have a more understandable record of what was originally done. d)  Flowcharts ofte...

Rules of Flowchart

Flowchart Rules While programmers have a good deal of freedom in creating flowcharts, There are a number of general rules and guidelines, recommended by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), to help standardize the flowcharting process. Various computer manufactures and data processing departments usually have similar flowcharting standards. Some of these rules and guidelines are  as follow: First chart the main line of logic, then incorporate detail. Maintain a consistent level of detail for a given flowchart.  Do not chart every detail otherwise, the flowchart will only be a graphic representation, step by step, of the program. A reader, who is interested in greater detail can refer to the program itself. Words in the flowchart symbols should be common statements, which are easy to understand. It is recommended to use descriptive titles written in designer's own language, rather than in machine-oriented language. Be consistent in...

Flowchart...

Image
Question: What is Flowchart? Answer:   A flowchart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm. It is often used by programmers as a program-planning tool for organizing a sequence of steps necessary to solve a problem by a computer. It uses boxes of different shapes to denote different types of instructions. The actual instructions are written within these boxes using clear and concise statements. These boxes are connected by solid lines having arrow marks to indicate the flow of operation, that is, the exact sequence in which the instructions are to be executed. The process of drawing a flowchart for an algorithm is often referred to as flowcharting. Why Use Flowcharts? Normally, an algorithm is first represented in the form of a flowchart, and the flowchart is then expressed in some programming language to prepare a computer program. The main advantage of this two-step approach in program writing is that. while drawing a flowchart, a programmer is not concerned with the ...

Write about Alogrithm

Question: Write about Algorithm. Answer: Algorithm is a sequence of precise and unambiguous instructions solving a problem infinite number of operations; these instructions are in use language i.e. independent of any programming language. Characteristics- An algorithm represents the logic of the processing be performed. However, in order to qualify as an algorithm, a sequence of instructions must process the following characteristics: Each and every instruction should be precise and unambiguous. Each instruction should be such that it can be performed in a finite time. One or more instructions should not be repeated infinitely. This ensures that the algorithm will ultimately terminate. After performing the instructions that are after the algorithm terminate the desired results must be obtained. Properties: the following are the important properties of an algorithm An algorithm should terminate after a finite number of steps. Means that when it is executed,...

Write about concept of problem solving

Question: Write about the concept of problem-solving. Answer: A problem obstructs as well as hinders the progress or movement in attaining of an objective. In our daily life, some of the problems are well understood and one might have developed the solution to such problems, The nature of the problem always depends on the situations.                    Problem-solving may be an art or science. It includes special knowledge in the fields to which the problem relates to and power of knowledge without learning human reasoning and experience. In problem-solving, each and every individual may have his or her own unique way.           Software development is a sequentially interrelated process. Multiple steps are performed before developing a new software. The first step is to determine the information needs to the proposed software. Problem definition is the most vital step in this direction. Am...